A patient’s guide to cardiac screening

Our hearts are extraordinary. This vital organ, no bigger than a clenched fist, pumps life-giving blood around the body, sustaining everything we do. Yet, for all its resilience, the heart is not invincible. Heart disease remains one of the leading causes of ill health and death worldwide, including here in the UK. Cardiac screening offers a way to look after this essential organ – helping us detect potential problems before they become life-threatening.

In this guide, we’ll explore cardiac screening, when and why it might be recommended and how it works. By the end, you’ll have a clearer understanding of how proactive care can support a long and healthy life.

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What is cardiac screening?

Cardiac screening is a set of tests used to check the health of your heart and blood vessels. 

These screenings can spot possible issues such as blocked arteries, irregular heart rhythms or structural abnormalities. Often, these tests detect problems before symptoms appear, offering the chance to act early and help prevent serious complications like heart attacks or strokes.

Cardiac screening isn’t just for people who already feel unwell. Many people with heart conditions show no symptoms until the problem becomes severe. Regular screenings can act as a safety net, ensuring silent risks don’t go unnoticed.

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Who might need cardiac screening?

Not everyone will need cardiac screening, but if you’re at higher risk of heart disease for any reason, then cardiac screening is recommended. . 

You might consider cardiac screening if you fall into any of the categories below:

• You have a family history of heart disease, especially in close relatives at a young age
• You have high blood pressure, diabetes or high cholesterol
• You smoke, have a sedentary lifestyle or eat a diet high in saturated fats
• You’re an athlete (screening is recommended especially for those involved in endurance sports, to check for rare conditions such as cardiomyopathy)

Age also plays a role. As we get older, our risk of heart disease rises. If you’re over 40, your GP or cardiologist may recommend a routine cardiovascular assessment, even if you feel perfectly healthy.

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Types of cardiac screening tests

Cardiac screening isn’t a single test but a group of diagnostic tools, each offering  a unique perspective on your heart’s health. Here’s a closer look at some of the most commonly used tests.

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

This quick and painless test records the electrical activity of your heart. Small electrodes are placed on your chest, arms and legs. The results can highlight abnormal heart rhythms or signs of a previous heart attack. 

While an ECG won’t diagnose all heart problems, it’s often the first step in a screening process.

2. Echocardiogram

An echocardiogram uses ultrasound technology to create detailed images of your heart. It provides information about the size and shape of your heart, as well as how well it’s pumping blood. This test can also reveal issues with heart valves or structural abnormalities.

3. Stress test

Also known as an exercise ECG,  a stress test monitors your heart while you’re physically active – usually on a treadmill or stationary bike. 

By observing how your heart copes under stress, it can help identify problems that don’t appear when you’re at rest. 

4. CT coronary angiogram

A CT coronary angiogram (or cardiac CT scan) is an advanced imaging test that uses a special dye and X-rays to create detailed pictures of your coronary arteries. It’s particularly useful for detecting blockages or narrowing that could lead to a heart attack.

5. Blood tests

Though less high-tech, blood tests are an important part of cardiac screening. They can measure cholesterol levels, inflammation markers and other risk indicatorsr. Troponin, for example, is a protein released during heart damage – its presence in your blood can signal a recent heart attack.

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Preparing for your cardiac screening

One of the reassuring aspects of cardiac screening is how straightforward it is to prepare for most tests. 

Your healthcare provider will guide you on any specific requirements, but here are some general tips.

• Clothing: Wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothes and shoes suitable for exercise, especially if you’re undergoing a stress test
• Medications: Let your doctor know about any medications or supplements you take(some may need to be paused temporarily to ensure accurate results)
• Fasting: Certain tests, such as blood work, may require you to fast (not eat) for a few hours beforehand
• Information: Be prepared to share details about your medical history, family history and any symptoms you’ve noticed, even if they seem minor

Taking the time to prepare properly helps ensure the tests are as accurate and efficient as possible, giving you the most reliable insights into your heart health.

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What to expect during the screening

Cardiac screening tests are generally quick, non-invasive and stress-free. For an ECG, you’ll lie down while the electrodes are attached to your skin – the test itself takes only a few minutes. Similarly, an echocardiogram involves lying still while a technician moves a handheld device across your chest.

For more advanced tests like a stress test, you’ll start by walking or cycling at a low intensity, gradually increasing the effort. Although the test may leave you slightly out of breath, medical professionals will monitor you closely to ensure your safety.

Tests such as CT angiograms involve a brief injection of dye, but this is typically well-tolerated. The procedure is painless, and you’ll remain comfortable throughout. Blood tests, of course, are the quickest of all – over in a matter of seconds.

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Understanding your results

Once your screening is complete, you’ll receive a detailed report outlining your results. A normal result is always welcome news, but if the screening finds any concerns, try not to worry. Many heart issues can be treated, especially when found early.

Your doctor will explain the results clearly and outline any next steps, such as further tests, medication or lifestyle changes. For example, a blocked artery may be managed with medication or a procedure, while irregular rhythms may need monitoring or treatment.

The goal of cardiac screening is to empower you with knowledge. Understanding your heart health helps you make decisions to protect your heart.

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Common concerns about cardiac screening tests

When considering cardiac screening, it’s natural to have questions or feel uncertain about what to expect. For many people, the idea of undergoing medical tests can bring up worries about discomfort, safety or the implications of the results. Let’s address some of the most common fears and misconceptions to help you feel more confident and informed.

Are cardiac screening tests painful or uncomfortable?

Most cardiac screening tests are quick, non-invasive and pain-free. An ECG involves attaching electrodes and doesn’t hurt. An echocardiogram is like an ultrasound and is painless. A stress test may leave you a little out of breath but is done with care. You’ll be supported by healthcare professionals throughout, and any discomfort is minimal and temporary.

Are imaging procedures like CT scans safe?

CT coronary angiograms use X-rays to provide detailed views of your heart and arteries. Some people worry about exposure to radiation during this type of test, but it’s important to note that modern CT scanners use minimal radiation while still producing accurate results. 

For most people, the benefits of detecting potential heart problems far outweigh the very low risks associated with radiation exposure.

If you have concerns about any aspect of the procedure, don’t hesitate to ask your doctor. They can provide specific information about how the test will be conducted and explain the safety measures in place.

What if my results are abnormal?

Hearing that your test results are abnormal can be worrying, but it’s important to remember that not all irregular findings indicate a serious problem. Many conditions detected during cardiac screening – like slightly elevated cholesterol levels or minor irregularities in heart rhythm – can be managed effectively with lifestyle changes, medication, or further monitoring.

The purpose of screening is to catch potential issues early when they’re most treatable. An abnormal result is an opportunity to take proactive steps towards better health, not a diagnosis of doom. Your healthcare provider will guide you through the next steps and ensure you receive the support and care you need.

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Cardiac screening for specific groups

While cardiac screening is valuable for many people, certain groups may have unique needs or considerations. 

Cardiac screening for women

Cardiovascular conditions are the leading cause of death for women in the UK. Women may experience different symptoms of heart disease compared to men – such as fatigue, nausea or back pain – which can sometimes lead to delayed diagnosis.

Pregnancy can also place extra strain on the heart, particularly for women with pre-existing conditions like hypertension or diabetes, so women planning a pregnancy or those with complications may need screening.

Special considerations for athletes

Athletes, especially those involved in high-intensity or endurance sports, place unique demands on their cardiovascular systems. 

While regular exercise is generally good for heart health, intense physical activity can sometimes reveal or exacerbate underlying conditions, such as cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle) or arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythm).

Cardiac screening for athletes often includes additional tests, such as a stress ECG or advanced imaging, to assess how the heart functions under strain. These tests provide reassurance that your heart is coping well with your training regimen – or highlight any issues that may require further evaluation.

Screening for children and younger adults

Screening may be needed for those with a strong family history of heart conditions. This can help detect genetic or structural conditions early. If you’re worried about your child’s heart health, speak to your GP or a paediatric cardiologist for advice.

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Looking after your heart health

Cardiac screening is a powerful tool for understanding your heart health, but it’s only one part of the equation. Prevention is equally important. 

Heart disease often develops over many years, influenced by lifestyle choices, genetics and other factors. While some risk factors, such as family history, are beyond your control, many others –- like diet, exercise and stress management –- are entirely within your power to change.

By adopting heart-healthy habits, you can reduce your risk of cardiovascular disease, improve your overall wellbeing and potentially avoid more invasive treatments in the future.

Here are some simple lifestyle habits for a healthier heart:

• Eat a balanced diet: Focus on whole, nutrient-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins and healthy fats. Reducing your intake of processed foods, sugary snacks and saturated fats can help lower cholesterol levels and support overall cardiovascular health.
• Stay active: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise each week, such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming. Regular physical activity strengthens the heart, improves circulation and helps manage weight.
• Manage stress: Chronic stress can take a toll on your heart. Practising mindfulness, meditation, or even taking regular breaks for deep breathing can help keep stress levels in check.
• Quit smoking: Smoking damages blood vessels, raises blood pressure and significantly increases your risk of heart disease. If you’re a smoker, seeking support to quit is one of the most impactful changes you can make for your health.
• Monitor your numbers: Keep an eye on key health indicators like blood pressure, cholesterol levels and blood sugar. Regular check-ups with your GP can help you stay informed and proactive.

Prevention doesn’t mean perfection. Small, sustainable changes can add up over time, making a big difference to your heart health without feeling overwhelming.

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Take the first step towards a healthier heart

Your heart works hard for you every day. Cardiac screening is an investment in your future, helping you understand your heart health and take charge of your wellbeing.
If you’re ready to prioritise your heart health, book your cardiac screening with us today.